Scientia Militaria - South African Journal of Military Studies https://scientiamilitaria.journals.ac.za/pub <p style="text-align: justify;">The journal is published bi-annually by the Faculty of Military Science of Stellenbosch University, South Africa. It is an accredited, peer-reviewed scholarly journal that investigates a broad spectrum of matters and issues relating to military affairs and publishes discipline-based and interdisciplinary research.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> University of Stellenbosch, Faculty of Military Science (South African Military Academy) en-US Scientia Militaria - South African Journal of Military Studies 2224-0020 <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> Editorial https://scientiamilitaria.journals.ac.za/pub/article/view/1444 Evert Kleynhans Copyright (c) 2024 Evert Kleynhans http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2024-06-18 2024-06-18 52 1 1 4 10.5787/52-1-1444 Measuring Cybersecurity Awareness in a South African Military Sample https://scientiamilitaria.journals.ac.za/pub/article/view/1445 <p>Cyberspace has been identified as a new domain of warfare; awareness of cyber threats is therefore crucial for members of the military because it allows for greater insight into potential cyber threats and attacks. Furthermore, developing cybersecurity awareness may assist in the detection of cyber threats in the workplace, and may further assist members of the military to be cognisant of their own vulnerability in cyberspace. In South Africa, cybersecurity is a topic of interest, and the South African National Defence Force has highlighted the need to enhance its cybersecurity capacity. The Cybersecurity Orientation Questionnaire was developed for members of the South African military with the fundamental objective of assessing their cybersecurity awareness as part of a larger study. The purpose of the study on which this article is based, was to explore the initial validation of the Questionnaire using a South African military sample. The study design was quantitative, and the reliability and factor structure of the Questionnaire were analysed by means of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. The sample size consisted of 182 military participants who were based at two military educational institutions. The Questionnaire showed acceptable reliability for research purposes (r = .79; p = .000) and the prominent three-factor structure was in line with the theorised factors envisioned during the development of the Questionnaire. Initial validation of the Questionnaire showed promising results for assessing cybersecurity awareness in the South African military sample. This study therefore emphasises the importance of developing instruments specifically for the South African military context.</p> Kyle John Bester Danille Arendse Copyright (c) 2024 Kyle John Bester, Danille Arendse http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2024-06-18 2024-06-18 52 1 5 33 10.5787/52-1-1445 Colonel Jan Breytenbach – Military Historian or Storyteller? An Analysis of Breytenbach’s Work using a Military History Conceptual Framework https://scientiamilitaria.journals.ac.za/pub/article/view/1446 <p>Books on the South African Border War have flooded the popular market in the last two decades. Historians, journalists, and particularly ex-soldiers – often amateur writers – have tapped into the market. The genres of books include, but are not limited to, personal accounts, autobiographies, regimental histories, journalist accounts, and academic books. Jan Breytenbach was one of the first South African Defence Force officers to write about the Border War. He published seven books, and paved the way for many writers to follow in his footsteps. Most of his books focus on the history of 32 Battalion. Against this background, the study on which this article is based, aimed to analyse Breytenbach’s writing using a conceptual framework put forward by military historians.</p> Carl Punt Copyright (c) 2024 Carl Punt http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2024-06-18 2024-06-18 52 1 35 58 10.5787/52-1-1446 Reflecting on the Rise and Decline of the South African Defence Industry https://scientiamilitaria.journals.ac.za/pub/article/view/1447 <p>The South African Defence Industry has undergone several significant changes during the past six decades, with its current state being deemed unfavourable for continued survivability. To develop a robust understanding of the industry, a review of the scientific literature (and government policies) has been undertaken to chart the trends in the industry through the decades. South African political ideologies in the sixties and seventies resulted in a need for self-sufficiency in defence. By the late eighties, increased military spending resulted in a powerful and capable defence industry, but the end of apartheid and regional<br>conflicts saw an expected sharp drop in the defence budget. The Strategic Defence Package offered some respite in terms of exports, but this has declined in the recent past. The defence budget has remained at a steady low value for two decades, with no real possibility of an increase. To maintain relevance and ensure organisational resilience, the remnants of the South African Defence Industry should use the Defence Industry<br>Strategy as a baseline to develop robust local relationships to drive innovation and foster economic growth, while also strengthening international market share by strengthening unique South African technologies.</p> Kevin Gopaul Elma Van der Lingen Rudolph Oosthuizen Copyright (c) 2024 Kevin Gopaul, Elma Van der Lingen, Rudolph Oosthuizen http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2024-06-18 2024-06-18 52 1 59 86 10.5787/52-1-1447 United States – Kenyan Asymmetry in Counterterrorism Cooperation: An Assessment of the Efforts of the United States and Kenya in East Africa https://scientiamilitaria.journals.ac.za/pub/article/view/1448 <p>On 11 September 2001, the world witnessed a drastic change in the global security landscape that influenced the dynamics of United States counterterrorism. The United States expanded its global alliances, including its financial assistance and cooperation scope, in East Africa as well. A fundamental transformation in the United States Defence Foreign Policy towards Africa was marked by a growing reliance by the United States on African partners, such as Kenya. Despite visible power disparities between the United States and Kenyan asymmetric relations, the two states set an unmatched counterterrorism partnership in East Africa – even with the growing criticism of the United States militarisation in some parts of Africa, such as in the Sahel region, which remains prone to coups despite enduring counterterrorism interventions by the United States. What is particularly interesting is how the asymmetric relations between the United States and Kenya enhanced a stable and multidimensional implementation of counterterrorism in East Africa. The dynamics of these asymmetric relations on counterterrorism demystify the perception that asymmetric relations between powerful and weak states are inherently unstable. Employing secondary data, the study on which this article reports, sought to deconstruct such rhetoric by conceptualising asymmetry whilst identifying five main conceptualisations of asymmetry theory that characterises the asymmetric relations between the United States and Kenya. Thereafter, by taking stock of the multidimensional efforts by the United States and Kenya, it is argued that triangular asymmetries are the significant force multipliers of stability and normalcy in asymmetric relations.</p> Sky Mkuti Jo-Ansie Van Wyk Oluwaseun Tella Copyright (c) 2024 Sky Mkuti, Jo-Ansie Van Wyk, Oluwaseun Tella http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2024-06-18 2024-06-18 52 1 87 122 10.5787/52-1-1448 South African Responses to New Soviet Air Defence Systems in Angola in the 1980s https://scientiamilitaria.journals.ac.za/pub/article/view/1449 <p>Because of its air superiority during the counter-insurgency conflict against the South West Africa People’s Organisation, the South African Air Force had neglected to build up modern air and counter-air defences. When Soviet air defence systems were therefore deployed in Angola in the 1980s, they were forced to reconsider their tactics and responses to the war. The Soviet systems included early warning networks, surface-to-air missiles and anti-aircraft guns to cover troops advancing in the field, and fighter aircraft. While this build-up was also observed in the neighbouring Southern African countries and had the appearance of a purely defensive stance, given Soviet air defence doctrine, South Africa viewed this as the first steps to offensive actions in Angola and possibly Namibia (then South West Africa) and the start of a dangerous escalation in the military situation. In response, the SADF adopted a strong defensive stance and improved its own air defence capabilities to ensure that it was not outclassed. The South African Air Force also introduced new tactics. These included the introduction of toss-bombing, making greater use of precision-guided missiles and bombs, and investing more in research in terms of missiles and new technology for their aircraft.</p> Janet Szabo Copyright (c) 2024 Janet Szabo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2024-06-18 2024-06-18 52 1 123 142 10.5787/52-1-1449 On Charges of Treason: The High Treason Case against the Afrikaans Broadcasters of Radio Zeesen after the Second World War https://scientiamilitaria.journals.ac.za/pub/article/view/1450 <p>While the Second World War was characterised by battles and intelligence networks, it also involved cases of treason and military legal processes – and South Africa was no exception. The South involvement in the war produced high treason cases, but trials of those historical figures who worked “behind the scenes” are occasionally neglected within academic literature on the South African history surrounding the Second World War. An example of such is the case of high treason of four Afrikaner men accused of broadcasting propaganda from Radio Zeesen to South Africa in Afrikaans, with the aim of jeopardising the South African war effort. This propaganda was carried out strategically within the context of existing Afrikaner resistance against participation in the war. The four accused were SE Holm (Sidney Erich Holm) (Michael Johannes Pienaar). This article focuses on the trials of the four men accused as a series of lesser-known cases in South African history. The aim of the article is to provide a historical narrative of the cases. After providing the necessary contextualisation, the positions of the prosecution and defence, as well as the verdicts of the trials will be outlined. The objective of this article is not to offer a detailed analysis of the criminal justice procedure or the laws surrounding the cases, but rather to make a historiographic contribution to an overlooked aspect of South African history.</p> Suné Kleynhans Copyright (c) 2024 Suné Kleynhans http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2024-06-18 2024-06-18 52 1 143 168 10.5787/52-1-1450 How to Fight a War https://scientiamilitaria.journals.ac.za/pub/article/view/1451 David Jacobs Copyright (c) 2024 David Jacobs http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2024-06-18 2024-06-18 52 1 169 172 10.5787/52-1-1451 National Security Surveillance in Southern Africa: An Anti-Capitalist Perspective https://scientiamilitaria.journals.ac.za/pub/article/view/1452 Evert Jordaan Copyright (c) 2024 Evert Jordaan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2024-06-18 2024-06-18 52 1 173 176 10.5787/52-1-1452 The Battle of Magersfontein: Victory and Defeat on the South African Veld, 10–12 December 1899 https://scientiamilitaria.journals.ac.za/pub/article/view/1453 Unarine Maduwa Copyright (c) 2024 Unarine Maduwa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2024-06-18 2024-06-18 52 1 177 178 10.5787/52-1-1453 Fascists, Fabricators and Fantasists: Antisemitism in South Africa from 1948 to the Present https://scientiamilitaria.journals.ac.za/pub/article/view/1455 Graeme Plint Copyright (c) 2024 Graeme Plint http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2024-06-18 2024-06-18 52 1 179 182 10.5787/52-1-1455